Abstract:
Water pollution caused by industrial dyes has become a severe problem in the modern world. Biosorbents can be used in an eco-friendly
manner to remove industrial dyes. In this study, five biosorbents were selected: palmyrah sprout casing (PSC), manioc peel, lime peel, king
coconut husk, and coconut kernel. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to identify the best biosorbent with the highest ability to adsorb
methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. The detailed mechanisms of PSC used in the adsorptive removal of MB in aqueous phase were
investigated. Of the five biosorbents, PSC exhibited the best removal performance with an adsorption capacity at equilibrium (qe) of 27.67 mg/g.
The qe values of lime peel, king coconut husk, manioc peel, and coconut kernel were 24.25 mg/g, 15.29 mg/g, 10.84 mg/g, and 7.06 mg/g,
respectively. To explain the mechanisms of MB adsorption with the selected biosorbents, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed to characterize functional properties, and isotherm, kinetic, rate-limiting, and thermodynamic
analyses were conducted. The FTIR analysis revealed that different biosorbents had different functional properties on their adsorptive surfaces.
The FTIR and XRD results obtained before and after MB adsorption with PSC indicated that the surface functional groups of carbonyl and
hydroxyl actively participated in the removal process. According to the isotherm analysis, monolayer adsorption was observed with the
Langmuir model with a determination coefficient of 0.998. The duration to reach the maximum adsorption capacity for MB adsorption with PSC
was 120 min, and the adsorption process was exothermic due to the negative enthalpy change (9.950 kJ/mol). Moreover, the boundary layer
thickness and intraparticle diffusion were the rate-limiting factors in the adsorption process. As a new biosorbent for MB adsorption, PSC could
be used in activated carbon production to enhance the performance of dye removal.
